Associated Lab(s)  Quiz

Unit I - Human Biology

Refer to Chapter 5, pages 77-101
Biology: The Study of Life. 5th ed. Schraer and Stoltze © 1993

Recall that organisms are composed of organ systems.

An organism is a single living thing such as a cat, a mouse, or tree. A microscopic amoeba, or paramecium is also and organism, but contain only a single cell. They are examples of unicellular organisms. The human being is an example of a multicellular organism, composed of trillions of cells.

The cells of a multicellular organism are organized into tissue. Tissues are then combined to form organs such as the stomach, liver, or heart. Organs may be combined to perform a particular task. For example, the organs that function to digest our food include the mouth, tongue, stomach, intestine, and these organs together are known as an organ system. The human body has several organ systems such as the circulatory system, digestive system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, endocrine system, respiratory system, just to name a few. All these system contain a series of organs that work together to keep the organism alive.

State what a system is and outline its role.

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Describe the anatomy of the human organism in terms of the major body systems by compiling a list of these systems (eg. integumentary, musculo-skeletal, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, lymphatic, endocrine, nervous, excretory and reproductive).

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Describe in general terms the function(s) of each system.

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Recall that systems are composed of groups of organs.

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Explain what an organ is and outline its function.

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Identify, using diagrams and labels, the major organs that make up each system and specify the function of the organs.

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Recall that organs are composed of groups of tissues.

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Identify the major tissue types.

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Outline the specific function of each tissue type.

The most common types of tissues found in an animal body, are epithelium tissue, connective tissues, adipose tissues, bone and cartlage, blood, nerve tissue and muscle tissue. Epithelium tissues are in sheets they protect the iner lining of your intestines, and they also cover your cavities. Connective tissues are cells and fibers thes tissues help keep you organs attatched, they found throughout the body. Adipose tissues stores fat, these tissues are found throughout the body, sometimes in large amounts. Bone and cartilage, is what makes up the skeliton in your body. these tissues are found throughout the body. Blood is a tissue that specializes in bring oxegen and nutrients throught the body. This tissue is also found throught the body. Nerve tissues are special cells that are called nurons, they are connected together and they make nerves. They conduct impulses throughout the body. Muscle tissues are tissues that are tightly bound together, they also make us move and they make our heart pump. These tissues are found throughout the body.

Tissue is defined as a group of cells that are similar and are organized into a functional unit. Tissues are found only in multicelluar organisms.

There are three types of tissues. Epitheliial tissues, Connective tissues and Muscle tissues. Tissues that cover body surfaces and line body cavities and organs are Epithelial tissues. These tissues also form glands, structures made of few or many cells that produce and release one or more substances. Connective tissues are tissues that sopport other body tissues and bind tissues and organs together. They give the body form. Muscle tissues are tissues that are specialized for contracting or shortening and enable movement.

Organs:
An organ is a group of tissues which work together in order to perform a certain specific function. For example, the stomach, which is combined of nerves, muscles, and blood vessels, is what is known as a type of organ. Also, any group of organs that may work together to perform a certain specific function does form an organ system. The digestive system, that includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, and so forth, is one example of an organ system. Even though the parts of a multicellular organism can be described in terms of seperate cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, these parts must function well together so that the organism can carry on it's life processes.

Recall that tissues are composed of cells.

A group of cells that are structurally similar and perform the same function forms a tissue. Tissue that work together to perform a specific function form an organ. Then the organs work together to perform a specific function forms an organ system

Tissues are composed of many or few cells. Since in multicellular organisms, the certain groups of cells that are similar in ways, are also organized in a functional unit. Usually the tissues are integrated or connected with the other tissues, this forms what is known as an organ. Each one of the cells that make up tissues, carries on certain many life processes during this time and each certain cell also carry on some certain special processes that is or are related to the specific functions of the tissue. Even in plants for example, there are tissues that may indeed transport the water and nutrients through the plant, tissues that will cover and protect the many parts of the plants, and also tissues that will carry out photosynthesis and so on from there. Also, multicellular animals have a greater variety of tissues then plants do, many of these animal tissues are even more highly specialized then in plant tissues.

Describe how the animal cell (human) is composed of subunits called cell organelles (which include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, vacuoles, nucleus, nucleolus, Golgi body, centrioles, cilia, flagella, etc.).

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

State the functions of the organelles of animal cells.

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Specify the functions that living cells must carry out, including ability to organize cytoplasm and assimilate chemicals, ingest and/or digest food, use energy to maintain organization, grow and reproduce, respond and adapt to the environment, distribute essential chemicals and eliminate waste.

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Compare the life function of cells to the integrated functions of organ systems and to organisms in general.

***** ADD NEW TEXT HERE - ILO 1*****

Distinguish among the processes by which materials may enter and leave cells (diffusion, osmosis, active transport, facilitated diffusion, etc.).

Diffusion:
Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis:
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane in response to differences in solute concentration. Water moves from areas of high-water/low-solute concentration to areas of low-water/high-solute concentration. Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable barrier such as a cell membrane, from high water potential (concentration) to lower water potential (concentration).

There are two types of transport: Active and Passive.
Passive transport includes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. These types of transport require no cell energy. Active transport of materials needs energy to move substances into or out of a cell. Larger particles are actively moved into or out of the cell by processes called endocytosis and excocytosis.

Active Transport: When the movment of materials across a cell membrane requires the expenditure of celluar energy.

Passive Transport: Materials move across a cell membrane without requirement of celluar energy.

 Visit CELLS II: CELLULAR ORGANIZATION at the Online Biology Book

 Visit Animal Cells and Tissues at the Online Biology Book

 Visit TRANSPORT IN AND OUT OF CELLS at the Online Biology Book

 Visit ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEMS AND HOMEOSTASIS at the Online Biology Book